Parent and Patient Information System - ESPU

Chapter 1 - Urinary Tract Infection - a common problem in children	3
1 Diagnosis	4
2 Treatment	5
Chapter 2 - Hydrocele, Hernia and Undescended Testis	7
1 Hydrocele and hernia	7
2 Undescended testis	9
Chapter 3 - Testicular torsion - a serious cause of scrotal pain	11
1 About Testicular Torsion	11
2 Causes	11
3 Symptoms	12
4 Diagnosis	12
5 Treatment	13
6 Don't Ignore Symptoms	15
Chapter 4 - Diagnotic Tools Used in Pediatric Urology	16
1 Laboratory tests	16
1.1 Urinalysis	16
1.2 Urine culture	17
1.3 Kidney function tests	17
2 Imaging modalities	18
2.1 Plain abdominal X-ray graphy	18
2.2 Intravenous urography (IVU)	18
2.3 Ultrasonography	19
2.4 Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)	19
2.4.1 Preparing the child for the test	20
2.4.2 Performing the test	20
2.4.3 Concerns	21
2.5 Computerized tomography (CT)	21
2.6 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)	22
2.7 Scintigraphic studies	23
2.7.1 Static renal scintigraphy	23
2.7.2 Dynamic renal scintigraphy	24
2.8 Uroflowmetry and Urodynamic study	25
2.8.1 Uroflowmetry	25
2.8.2 Urodynamic study	25
Chapter 5 - Structure, Development and Function Of Urinary System	27
1 What is the urinary system	27
2 How is urine produced?	27
3 How does the urinary system function?	27
4 How did the urinary system develop?	29
Chapter 6 - Ultrasound - a noninvasive diagnostic tool	31
Chapter 7 - Penile Problems	33
1 Circumcision	33
2 Phimosis	34
3 Paraphimosis	35
4 Hypospadias	35
5 Micropenis	36
Chapter 8 - A Child´s Kidneys and Urinary Tract	38
1 Problems of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract	40
Chapter 9 - Bedwetting (Enuresis)	43
1 What is bedwetting?	43
2 What can cause bedwetting?	43
3 When should it be treated?	43
4 How do we treat enuresis?	44
5 Where can I get advice and help?	44
Chapter 10 - Bladder problems/daytime incontinence	45
1 What are the symptoms of bladder problems?	45
2 What causes these symptoms?	45
3 How are bladder problems treated?	46
3.1 Bladder training	47
3.2 Medication	47
3.3 Biofeedback	47
4 Further information advice?	48
Chapter 11 - Constipation	49
1 What is constipation?	49
2 What can cause constipation?	49
3 What are the signs of constipation?	49
4 How do you treat the constipation?	50
5 Where can I get further advice?	51

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