Parent & Patient Information System 06/09/2015 Page19 / 51 2.3 Ultrasonography Ultrasonography is an imaging modality working by sound waves. The produced sound waves are sent from the probe to inside of the body and organs reflect these waves. Every organ has its specific reflection capability called ‘echogenicity’. This modality is a cheap, easy and quick way of imaging the organs. By this imaging tool, we are able to evaluate the dilatation, abnormal structural pathologies (tumor, cyst), abscess and stones of all the urinary tract. However, ultrasonography is a real-time test, dependent on the operator and does not give information about the function of kidneys. 2.4 Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) This test evaluates the lower urinary tract (bladder and urethra). A catheter is placed into the bladder via the urethra and contrast material which makes the lower urinary tract visible under the X-ray graphies. Patient is asked to micturate and serial X-ray graphies are taken. Normally, the urinary stream of human beings is one-sided. The urine in the bladder does not pass to upper urinary tract (ureters and kidneys) during storage or even during voiding. There is a mechanism at the level of bladder-ureter junction which prevents the up-sided leakage. However, in some individuals, this mechanism does not work properly and a leakage from bladder to upper
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